Integrating Digital Technologies into Solid Waste Management for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A Case Study of KPK Water & Sanitation Services Companies (WSSCs), Pakistan

Abstract

Solid Waste Management (SWM) is one of the most pressing challenges for urban centers in developing countries, with significant implications for environmental quality, economic growth, and public health. In Pakistan, particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), municipal service providers such as Water & Sanitation Services Companies (WSSCs) face increasing waste volumes, resource constraints, and operational inefficiencies. The rapid evolution of digital technologies — including Internet of Things (IoT), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Artificial Intelligence (AI), blockchain, and data analytics — presents transformative opportunities to improve SWM systems. This study investigates the mediating role of Digital Technology Adoption in the relationship between SWM and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A cross-sectional survey was conducted with employees of all seven WSSCs in KPK, using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics, reliability and normality checks, Pearson correlation, simple linear regression, and mediation analysis through PROCESS macro (Model 4). Results indicate a significant positive relationship between SWM, digital technology adoption, and SDG achievement. Moreover, digital technology adoption partially mediates the SWM–SDG link, highlighting the necessity of integrating technological solutions in waste management practices. The study recommends policy reforms, capacity building, and public–private partnerships to accelerate digital transformation in Pakistan’s waste sector, ultimately enhancing progress toward the 2030 Agenda.